Which of the following factors significantly affects student learning?

The approaches to presenting material significantly affect student learning because the method of instruction can engage students differently based on their individual learning styles, interests, and needs. Effective instructional strategies take into account various factors such as differentiation, scaffolding, active engagement, and the use of multimodal resources, which can enhance understanding and retention of information. When teachers adapt their teaching methods to fit the diverse needs of their students, it fosters a more inclusive learning environment that can lead to improved outcomes.

Other factors listed, while they might have some influence, do not directly impact how students engage with and assimilate knowledge to the same extent. For example, the time of day classes are held may affect student alertness but does not alter the effectiveness of the content delivery. Classroom size can influence classroom dynamics but is more related to management and interaction rather than direct learning processes. The number of teachers present in a school could facilitate collaboration or provide support, yet it is the instructional method that primarily drives student engagement and understanding.