Which disabilities focus primarily on impairments in basic psychological processes involved in learning?

The correct choice highlights that Specific Learning Disabilities are characterized by impairments in the basic psychological processes related to learning, which can include difficulties in understanding or using language, listening, thinking, reading, writing, and mathematical abilities. These disabilities specifically affect how individuals process information, which directly influences their academic performance.

For instance, a student with a specific learning disability might struggle with reading comprehension or have difficulties in math that are not a result of other cognitive impairments or lack of instruction. This condition is typically identified when there is a significant discrepancy between the individual's potential (often measured by IQ tests) and their actual academic performance.

Other categories, like Multiple Disabilities, encompass a range of challenges that can include physical and cognitive components, but they do not exclusively focus on the psychological processes tied directly to learning. Intellectual Disabilities involve limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which differ significantly from the narrower focus of learning disabilities on processing and learning strategies. Hearing Impairments affect auditory processing and the ability to understand spoken language but are not primarily linked to the cognitive processes involved in learning as defined in the context of Specific Learning Disabilities. Thus, the emphasis on psychological processes related to learning confirms that Specific Learning Disabilities is the most accurate choice.